Analisis Kesuburan Tanah pada Sistem Polikultur dan Monokultur Tanaman Jagung
Soil Fertility Analysis Using Polyculture Systems and Monoculture in Maize Cultivation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30605/perbal.v14i1.7600Keywords:
Budidaya jagung, polikultur, monokultur, kesuburan tanahAbstract
Tanaman jagung dikenal memiliki kebutuhan unsur hara yang tinggi, terutama nitrogen, fosfor, dan kalium, sehingga penanaman berulang dengan sistem monokultur tanpa pengelolaan kesuburan yang tepat dapat menyebabkan penurunan kadar unsur hara esensial dalam tanah. Sistem polikultur menjadi solusi untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah karena prinsip dasarnya mengedepankan keragaman hayati dan keseimbangan ekosistem pada lahan pertanian, dengan menanam berbagai jenis tanaman secara bersamaan, sistem ini menciptakan interaksi positif antarspesies tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui status kesuburan tanah pada sistem pertanaman polikultur dan monokultur tanaman jagung. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Islam Makassar, Juni hingga Agustus 2023. Metode pengambilan sampel tanah terbagi atas dua yakni sampel tanah terganggu sebelum penanaman dan setelah panen, kemudian dianalisis di Laboratorium Kimia Tanah. Parameter yang diamati yakni pH H2O, C-organik (%), N-Total (%), P-Tersedia (ppm), K- tersedia (cmol(+) kg-1), KTK (cmol(+) kg-1). Hasil analisis nilai indeks kesuburan tanah (IKT) pada sistem polikultur sebelum penanaman yaitu 0,56 dan setelah penanaman meningkat menjadi 0,722. Pada sistem monokultur sebelum penanaman yaitu 0,61 meningkat menjadi 0,72 dimana dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesuburan tanah pada sistem polikultur dan monokultur sama-sama berada pada kategori sedang, baik sebelum maupun setelah penanaman.
Maize is known to have high nutrient requirements, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, so repeated planting with monoculture systems without proper fertility management can lead to a decrease in the levels of essential nutrients in the soil. The polyculture system is a solution to increase soil fertility because the basic principle is to prioritize biodiversity and ecosystem balance on agricultural land, by planting various types of plants at the same time, this system creates positive interactions between plant species. This study aims to determine the status of soil fertility in polyculture and monoculture cultivation systems of corn plants. The research was carried out in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Makassar Islamic University, from June to August 2023. The soil sampling method is divided into two, namely soil samples that are disturbed before planting and after harvest, then analyzed in the Soil Chemistry Laboratory. The observed parameters were pH H2O, C-organic (%), N-Total (%), P-Available (ppm), K- available (cmol(+) kg-1), KTK (cmol(+) kg-1). The results of the analysis of the soil fertility index (IKT) value in the polyculture system before planting were 0.56 and after planting increased to 0.722. In the monoculture system, before planting, which is 0.61, it increases to 0.72 where it can be concluded that the soil fertility in the polyculture and monoculture systems is both in the medium category, both before and after planting.
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