Kecerdasan sebagai Senjata: Sarkasme dan Humor Verbal sebagai Retorika Politik dalam Debat Politik Televisi Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30605/8bq80f43
humor verbal, sarkasme, retorika politik, debat politik, etos, logos, pathos
Abstract
Penelitian ini menyelidiki sarkasme dan humor verbal sebagai strategi retorika yang disengaja dalam debat politik televisi Indonesia, memperluas penelitian ketidaksopanan sebelumnya ke ranah teori humor politik. Jika studi terdahulu mengklasifikasikan sarkasme dan kesopanan pura-pura dalam taksonomi ketidaksopanan Culpeper, studi ini meneliti mekanisme spesifik di mana humor dan sarkasme berfungsi secara retorika sebagai instrumen dominasi, delegitimasi, dan pembangunan koalisi audiens. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisis pragmatik-retorika yang mengintegrasikan Teori Umum Humor Verbal (GTVH) Attardo, teori relevansi tentang sarkasme dari Wilson dan Sperber, serta kerangka retorika Aristoteles (ethos, logos, dan pathos). Data berupa 7 ujaran yang mengandung humor yang diambil dari acara bincang-bincang politik Indonesia, yaitu Indonesia Lawyers Club dan Mata Najwa. Analisis dilakukan melalui tiga tahap: identifikasi mekanisme humor menggunakan GTVH, analisis sarkasme sebagai penyebutan gema, dan pemetaan fungsi retorika ujaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya tiga mekanisme humor utama, yaitu humor resolusi ketidaksesuaian (28,6%), kecerdasan berbasis superioritas (42,9%), dan humor deflektif (28,6%). Ketiga mekanisme tersebut berfungsi membangun ethos pembicara sebagai sosok yang cerdas dan percaya diri, menumbangkan logos lawan melalui ejekan dan delegitimasi, serta memobilisasi pathos audiens melalui tawa dan solidaritas evaluatif. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, penelitian ini mengusulkan Model Antarmuka Humor-Retorika (Humor-Rhetoric Interface/HRI) yang memetakan hubungan antara mekanisme humor dan fungsi retorika dalam komunikasi politik. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa humor dan sarkasme bukan sekadar perangkat hiburan atau ketidaksantunan, melainkan sumber daya retoris yang berperan penting dalam pembentukan citra politik dan dinamika wacana demokratis di media televisi Indonesia.
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