A Review of The Act of Category-Shifts In Giving An Equivalence In French-Indonesian Novel Translation “ Orang Asing

Translation is an action of sending message from source language (SL) to target language (TL) by using the translation technique. The equivalence is a key that will help the reader in understanding the author’sinformation. In other words, the activity of translating must obey the technique and strategy in order to transmitting the real meaning of each sentences.This study aimed to reveal and describe the category-shifts and its purpose in Indonesian translation text of the novel “orang asing” by Albert Camus that has been translated from the French version “étranger”in giving an equivalence to the target language (TL). The focus of this study is to identify the type of category-shifts such as “structure-shifts, unit-shifts, class-shifts and intra-system-shifts” using the theory of Catford (1978).The methods using in this study is a qualitative design by Kothari (2004) which intend to do a literature study and observation in the data source. The result of the analysis shows that there are many shifting appear from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). The first aspect provoke this shifting is the culture of the translators and the second aspect is influenced by the translator’s language style.


Introduction
Translation is a process of copying or moving or delivering a message or a text from one language into another language.The message should be held in the target text while the form of the texte might be change due to the structure of the target language (TL) but it is acceptable (Sipayung, 2020). Before converting the text, it is important for the translator to understand and able to use the technique and strategy in translating. As we know, that technique and strategy will help the translator to find out the precise equivalence in target language (TL).
The technique of translating have several characteristics according to Molina and Albir (2002) cited in Hartono (2017), translation techniques affect the translation results; translation techniques compare the source language (SL) with the target language (TL); translation techniques involve the smallest text units such as words, phrases and sentences; translation techniques are discursive, natural and contextual; translation technique are functional Based on the opinion ofMolina and Albir (2002), the technique of translation is the key in giving an equivalence in order to increasing the acceptance in target language (TL). Equivalence is crucial in translating because it constitutes the only intertextuality relation that the translated text are supposed to show (Guidère, 2008).Yakob Retsker (1979) in Fawcett (2003: 27) define the equivalence as a relationship between the both texts source and target in term regardless of the context. The equivalent in form between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) might be difficult to achieve due to the fact that every language has its own system to express meanings (Romdhati, et. al., 2018). However, the procedure of moving messages of a source language text is inspired through translator's tradition, that is meditated within the manner of a translator comprehends, perceives and well-known shows messages by using the language used (Sajarwa, 2017). Besides of that, the cultural items found in the translation text could remote from each otheraccording to the tradition in the target language (Newmark, 1988) and it will make the text more natural in the reader's point of view (Jakindo, et. al., 2018) The shifting in translation is one of the technique used to deliver the message through the equivalency in target language (TL). Translation shifts are the changes that exist when a text or a phrase is translated into another language because of both the differences grammatical among the two languages or the translator's preference (Fouad and Sadkhan, 2019). Munday (2004: 28) cited in Sipayung (2018) said that a shifting in translation will occur if in a TL, a translation equivalent with another formal correspondence in SL. In translation shifts there are two main types of 'shift':level shifts and category shifts. Category shift concidered to unlimited and limited translation: the first thing is relatively 'normal' or 'free' translation to which first and secon language equivalences already set in any rank or word class which is appropriate (Catford, 1978).Inside that major type of shift, Catford (1978) divide also the category shifts into four types specifically structure-shifts, class-shifts, unit-shifts and intra-system-shifts.
Structure-shifts are the most frequents shift found in the translation text. Structureshifts happens while there may be an exchange of the nominal group system even if the placement changes of a certain elements or the negligence and addition of a certain component (Ariefyanti, 2018).In grammar, structure-shifts can appear at all ranks. The subsequent example of English-Gaelic above will make a clear point of view by using a case where the structure-shifts exist.
According to the current example the structure-shifts happens in the subject and predicate. In English, the text begins with the subject (S) and followed by the predicate (P). On the contrary, in Gaelic the sentences begins with the predicate (P) and followed

English
The man / is / in the boat Gaelic Tha / an duine / anns a' bhata S S P P A A Figure 1 Sturucture-shifts in English-Gaelic sentences Catford (1978: 77) by the subject (S). This kind of shifts are important so that the message contains in the source language (SL) will be delivered well to the TL. Class-shifts deals with the altering of words classes in source language (SL) to the target language (TL) (Taufiqi et. al., 2019).Class-shifts appear when the translated results from the source language do not have the same level of word equivalence in the target language, this is caused by a logical class difference in the class structure of the target language (Catford, 1978). In this case Catford has given an example about the changing happens in a translated text from English to French.

Example:
Here, the translations equivalent of the word 'medical' as an adjective in English has changed into an adverb, and the word 'médicine' in French is a noun.
Unit-shiftsis a change of rank departure from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a different unit rank in TL (Catford, 1978).
On the following example, the words 'j'arrierai' means 'i will arrive' contains subject and predicate change into conjunction in the target language (TL) become 'supaya' means 'so that'. By analyzing the two text it gives a definition that a different unit of words might be change while it translate into another language to make an equivalent.
The last type of Category-shifts is intra-system-shifts. It means a change from formal correspondence in which terms operating from one system in the source language (SL) have a different equivalent from the target language (TL) correspondence system (Catford, 1978).
This research intend to analyze some parts of texts coming from a translated novel by Albert Camus titled 'Orang Asing' from the French version 'Étranger'. The purpose of this activity is to describe and relay the examples of Category-shifts and their role to give an equivalence to the target language (TL).Étranger is the first novel of Albert Camus Figure 3 Example of Unit-shifts, Camus (1971) and Camusand Djokosujatno (2013) Absurd Fiction. The tale is split in two parts, presenting Meursault as a main character narrative view before and after the murder, respectively. The second book that will be used as a source to find a category-shifts is the translation version in Indonesian titled 'Orang Asing' translated by Apsanti Djokosujatno in 2013 with the Faculty of Science and Culture Universitas Padjajaran and Institut Français Indonésie.

Method
In this study, the researchers use qualitative design by Kothari (2004). The procedure of this research iscollecting, prepatation and analysis.
Collecting The Data. The data will be collected through observation of the French-Indonesian translation of the novel entitled 'Orang Asing'. This study will not analyze all of the book chapter but only takes a few samples from each chapter to provide an overview of the Category-shifts phenomenon contained in the novel.
Analysis of The Data. After the data records has accrued, the next step is analyzing them. Data analysis requires a number of processes that are closely related to the formation of categories such as, operation of the raw data through coding, tabulation and formulating or designing conclusions from the overall data obtained. (Kothari, 2004).
Coding is a procedure of counted the data before the process of tabulating. Tabulation is a procedure where the classified data are put in the table. Drawing is a part of creating an explication for the data that has been processed in order to provide an understanding to the readers.
Preparation of The Report. In this final step, the researcher has to arrange the report of the data analysis and create a conclusion.

Results and Discussions
The analysis of the Category-Shifts has done by comparing the source language (SL)of the novel 'Étranger' with the target language (TL) of the novel 'Orang Asing'. The result shows that there are a lots of shifting found in these novel. All of the data that represent each type of shifting in Category-Shifts will be tabulated and the detail description will be write down below the table.
The structure-shifts happens when the structure of the sentences from the source language (SL) changes in the target language (TL) and this type of shifting is frequently occur in the translation text (Catford, 1978). In the table below, the researcher will present the data of structure-shifts and its description. Figure 4 Design of the Data Analysis (Kothari, 2004)  In the table (1) above, there is a change in SL and TL which the sentences 'je prendrai' literally means 'i will take' modified into 'aku merencakan naik'. In this case, there are a different way of translating that the author has made. The word 'will' should be translated into 'akan' but in reality, the author switched it into 'merencakan' which means 'plan/planning'.  (2) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013)

Jadi, aku dapat ikut berjaga jenazah..
In the table (2), there is an addition in the target text (TL) but the addition change the TL into a complete sentences which contains subject (aku) + predicate (dapat ikut berjaga) + object (jenazah). This kind of shifting might be happens so that the readers can understand easily the message. Table 3 Structure-Shifts (3) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013)
In the third text (3), the structure change in the first subject while in French the subject is (il) means (he) becomes (dengan alasan). In this case, the shifting happens contrastly, let's take a look in the explication below. The changes from the SL and TL can be identify easily by looking at the illustration above. The first phrase of the SL sentences starts with the subject (il) and predicate (pouvait) after that following by an object (me) and a compliment (avec une excuse pareille). Meanwhile in the TL, the structure change because the compliment (dengan alasan semacam itu) begins the text and the subject (ia) and predicate (tak dapat menolak) move into the second phrase with the object (permintaanku) after. Table 4 Structure-Shifts (4) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Structure-Shifts (4) SL TL Mais il le fera sans doute aprèsdemain, quand il me verra en deuil.
The next one (4) is the shifting that happens in the last part of the sentences. The change occurs because there is an adjoining of some words that makes the sentences more clearly than the first sentences in the SL. The phrases in the TL has been added with the words (berpakaian dan memakai tanda) which literally didn't need to put it on the sentences but the reason is the author wants to make it more dramatically. If we just translating the SL words by words the result still be the same and the meaning still rest in it.For example (il me verra en deuil) → (dia melihatku sedang berduka).But sometimes, the translator of this text will combine with his own style to make it unique than the others. Table 5 Structure-Shifts (5) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013)

Setelah penjaga berbicara dengan direktur, kemudian aku menemui direktur itu.
And in the fifth (5) phrase the structure changes grammatically because there is a deletion in the TL sentences. The SL phrases (pendant tout ce temps, le concierge a parlé et ensuite) means (in the hole time the concierge spoke and then) substituted into (setelah penjaga berbicara dengan direktur) and some of the words has been deleted.
The class-shifts appears when the correlative of a words or phrases class in the SL is a dissimilar class in the TL and it might be equal, higher or lower rank (Catford, 1978). Table 6 Class-Shifts (1) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Class-Shifts (1) SL TL .."vous n'avez pas à vous justifier,mon cher enfant.
In the first (1) example of the class-shifts, there is a contrast different between the phrases from the SL to TL. In the source language (SL) the words (mon cher enfant) build with an adjectivepossessive (mon/my) and then an adjective (cher/lovely) that refers to the next words (enfant/kid) turns into a single word (Nak) which means (son/kid) in the target language (TL). This phenomenon couldappear because the tradition in Indonesia, theydidn't used to call some strangers even a kids with the word (lovely).So the shifting occurred here might be caused by the translator own language style and the tradition factor. Table 7 Class-Shifts (2) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013)

Panti Wreda terletak dua kilometer dari desa. Aku pergi ke situ berjalan kaki
In the next sentences (2), the class-shiftingarise when the noun turns into a noun + adjective in a row.
The example above (2) shows us that the word (l'asile) originally a noun turns into a group of words (panti) as a noun and (wreda) as an adjective. This shifting depart from Noun which is a low rank switch into a Noun + Adjective the higher version. The next one (3) is a word shifting from anadverb (réligieusement / religiously) changes into a sentence contains particle (dengan / with) followed by a noun (upacara agama / religious ceremony) even the word (réligieusement) can be translated into   Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) (secara keagamaan). This kind of shifting influenced by the translator tradition or language style. Table 9 Class-Shifts (4) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Class-Shifts (4) SL TL J'ai pris sur moi de faire le nécessaire. Mais je voulais vous en informer". saya telah menyiapkan hal-hal yang perlu dilakukan. Saya ingin memberitahukan anda mengenai hal itu".
One of the factor that influence this type of changes is because the grammatical structure in Indonesian language is different with English and the class-shift change into an upward rank when it comes to the target language (TL) with a complexity and detail in it. Table 10 Class-Shifts (5) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Class-Shifts (5) SL TL Je l'ai remercié. Maman, sans être athée, n'avait jamais pensé de son vivant à la religion. aku mengucapkan terima kassih. Ibu, meskipun bukan seorang yang tidak percaya pada Tuhan, selama hidupnya tidak pernah memikirkan agama.
The last example (5), the word (athée / atheis) can be translated into (ateis) in Indonesian but the translator use another words (tidak percaya pada Tuhan). This type of change influenced by the tradition in the target language (TL). The word (ateis) is rarely used in Indonesia because there are still people out there whose cannot understand it.
Some of the words in French language might be translated into a higher or lower rank in Indonesian because of the structure of its language. For example the sentences in the data (1). In this case, the words (la bière) turns into phrase in TL as (peti mati). In case of preventing the sense of this phrase, the word (peti and mati) cannot be separated. Table 12 Unit-Shifts (2) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Unit-Shifts (2) SL TL Alors, tortillant sa moustache blanche, il a déclaré sans me regarder: "je comprends". lalu, sambil memilin-milin kumisnya yang putih, tanpa memandangku, ia menyatakan, "saya mengerti".
The next one is a shifting appearedin the data (2). The word (tortillant) transform into a clause (sambil memilin-milin) and that might be upgrade into a sentences. This kind of shifting happens because in Indonesian language, we need to put a particle (sambil)to show the continuously activity e.g. (memilin-milin). Table 13 Unit-Shifts (3) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Unit-Shifts (3) SL TL La pièce était pleine d'une belle lumière de fin d'après-midi.

Ruang persemayaman dipenuhi cahaya indah sore hari.
Besides of that, the grammatical system in Indonesian Language attend to give a detail touch when it's about to describe something. See the data (3). In this case, if we separate the word (ruang) and (persemayaman), the message or the sens won't be deliverd to the readers and it will cause an ambiguity of the words and if these two words stick together, it becomes a phrase and gives a new meaning which according to KBBIonline (ruang persemayaman) is a place to lay down the died people before buried. Table 14 Unit-Shifts (4) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Unit-Shifts (4) SL TL Ici on n'a pas le temps, on ne s'est pas fait à l'idée que déjà il faut courir derrière le corbillard.
In the data (4) the word shifting turns into another meaning. According to le petit robert (Frenchdictionary) the word (le corbillard) means a car used to transport the dead into a grave and when it comes to the target language (TL) it transform into (petimati) and it might be a mistake done by the translator. Table 15 Unit-Shifts (5) Camus (1971) and Camus and Djokosujatno (2013) Unit-Shifts (5) SL TL Sa femme lui avait dit alors: "tais-toi, ce ne sont pas des choses à raconter à monsieur". Isterinya lalu berkata kepadanya, "diamlah. Itu tidak pantas diceritakan kepada tuan ini".
In the data (5), the shifting depart from the imperative phrase (tais-toi)and turns into a single words because Indonesian langue i we want to forbid someone to do something, we didn't need to and an object in it but it needs to be added with particle (lah).
Intra-system-shifts are the type of shifting occurs when the there is a differential grammatical rules between the SL and TL (Catford, 1978). Without this shifting, the translation text will become unacceptable and ambiguous. So that the translator needs to understand the target language and should find a perfect equivalent of the words or phrase for the SL.
The example below (1) will show this type of shifting. In French, to say (the eyes or les yeux) it is similar with in English, both of this languages using a plural noun. Meanwhile in Indonesian language, if the translator write (mata-mata bagus) it will be unacceptable and it transform into another meaning (mata-mata) is a spy in Indonesia. It is the same thing in the data (2), (3), (4) and (5), all the plural noun will become a single noun when it translated into the target language (TL). Sometimes, if these kinds of words or phrases translate literally, the definition convert into another meaning and provoke an ambiguity.
This phenomenon happens because of the intra-system-language that existedin every language in the world. This system will not make the definition of each words, sentences, phrases changes but it helps the translator find out the best equivalent in the target language (TL).

Conclusion
The result of the analysis exposes that there are many shifting appear from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). The first aspect provoke this shifting is the culture of the translators, which reflected in the way a translator comprehends, perceives and reveals message by the language used (Sajarwa, 2017). The culture gap is always exist whenever we want to carry out the process of oral and written translation. The second aspect is influenced by the translator's language style. In this case, a translator is permitted to create a modifications on an existing pattern for instance or widening the range of an item in the text while translating (Baker, 2018). Ivir (1981: 58) cited in (Englund Dimitrova, et. al., 2011) says that the idea that translators start from target versions that present formal correspondence and pass to the freer versions when they need to in order to obtain a relevant equivalence.
These Category-shifts include structure-shifts, class-shifts, unit-shifts and intrasystem-shifts could be existed and it doesn't matter if there are many forms of this shift, even almost all of the translated texts must have them as long as the message that the original writer wanted to convey was delivered properly and clearlybecause the essence of translating is the acceptability found by the readers of the target language.
This research is only conducted to see an overview and the process of categoryshifts in Indonesian translation novel of Albert Camus. In the future, this research might has an opportunity to be developed by the future researchers analyzing each part of the novel l'étranger by Albert Camus and its translations version.