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Ferns (Pteridophyta) Diversity in West Kalimantan: A Literature-Based Study
Indonesia is a tropical country that has a diversity of flora and fauna that must be preserved and developed, one of which is ferns. Ferns can grow well in open ground. With sufficient sunlight, acidity (pH) of 3.5–6.5, and temperature of 21-27°C, ferns can grow after forest fires or forests covered by tree canopies. West Kalimantan has a humid tropical climate, diverse habitats, nutrient-rich soil, dense forest canopy, lack of human disturbance, and complex natural ecological processes. Ferns grow and live in a variety of species in the forests of West Kalimantan. The approach used is a literature study, namely looking for primary sources or literature in the form of national and international journals in the previous decade (2014-2024). There are 16 families with 34 species. The most commonly found species come from the Polypodiaceae family. This article can be used as a source of information to support additional research on ferns.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rifki Aldiansyah, Syamswisna, Audiva Azhta Prameswari, Irvan Ariyansyah, Putri Anggini, Angel Acum Diarsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Perbandingan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga (Hylocereus polyrhizus) dan Kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) Sebagai Indikator Identifikasi Boraks Pada Makanan
This study aimed to analyze and compare the effectiveness of red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extract and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract as natural indicators for detecting borax in food samples. The research used a laboratory experimental method with a qualitative descriptive approach. Food samples tested included sausages, ketupat, lontong, white tofu, crackers, siomay, meatballs, cilok, pempek, nuggets, white noodles, and yellow noodles. The testing process was conducted by dripping dragon fruit peel extract and turmeric extract onto each sample and observing the resulting color changes. The results showed that most samples tested negative for borax, while meatballs and yellow noodles indicated positive results. The color change in turmeric to reddish-brown occurred due to the reaction between curcumin and borax, while dragon fruit peel extract changed color because anthocyanin pigments are sensitive to pH changes. The findings indicate that both natural materials can be used as simple, inexpensive, safe, and effective natural indicators for the qualitative preliminary detection of borax in food. However, further quantitative testing is needed to obtain more accurate results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Claudia Purba, Eka Setiawan, Emon Sejahtera Zendrato, Grecia Trinatal Simbolon, Kania Restya Diva, Larasati Arum Utami, Rejeki Sihite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove Di Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Kota Tarakan
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis mangrove yang tumbuh di Kawasan Konservasi Hutan Mangrove Kota Tarakan. Pengambilan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode Purposive Sampling dengan cara menarik garis transek mengarah tegak lurus dari garis Pantai ke arah darat dan pertimbangan kerapatan vegetasi dengan pengampilan sampel dilakukan pada 3 stasiun. Hasil penelitian tentang keanekaragaman jenis mangrove yang tumbuh di Kawasan Konservasi Kota Tarakan menunjukkan bahwa jenis mangrove yang ditemukan sebanyak 7 jenis dan yang paling dominan adalah jenis mangrove Rhizophora Appiculata. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa indeks keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove di Kawasan Konservasi Hutan Mangrove dan Bekantan Di Kota Tarakan sebesar 1<H’≤1.8276 yang berarti tergolong kedalam kriteria sedang.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suang Andi Palimbong, Raflen Aril Gerungan, Subekti Nurmawati, Elizabeth Novi Kusumaningrum, Mustaking https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Keanekaragaman Isolat Bakteri Rizosfer Tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.) pada Tanah Masam di Kabupaten Maros
This study aimed to the diversity of rhizosphere bacterial isolates associated with maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in acidic soils of Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Acidic soils characterized by low pH and limited nutrients, but the ability of microorganisms can adapt according to their habitat. However, microorganisms, particularly rhizosphere bacteria, exhibit remarkable adaptability to such conditions. The research employed serial dilution and culture on Nutrient Agar (NA) media to isolate bacteria from rhizosphere soil samples. A total of 14 bacterial isolates were toward will different morphological characteristics. All bacterial isolates found are Gram-positive bacteria. The findings reveal a high diversity of rhizosphere bacterial isolates, suggesting their potential role in enhancing plant growth as biofertilizers. Further research is necessary to evaluate the physiological and molecular potential of these bacterial isolates in nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and the production of plant growth hormones. Additionally, exploring the potential application of these bacteria as biocontrol agents or biofertilizers could contribute to improving maize productivity in acidic soils
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhmad Syakur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KARAKTERISASI ISOLAT BAKTERI RIZOSFER JAGUNG HIBRIDA (Zea mays L.) PADA TANAH MASAM
Acidic soil is one of the major constraints in maize cultivation because low soil pH can increase the solubility of Al and Fe, inhibit root growth, and reduce nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus. Rhizosphere bacteria have the potential to support plant growth through various mechanisms; therefore, the exploration of local bacterial isolates from acidic soil environments is important. This study aimed to isolate and characterize rhizosphere bacteria associated with hybrid maize grown in acidic soil in Moncongloe Village, Maros Regency. Bacterial isolation was carried out using serial dilution and cultivation on Nutrient Agar (NA) medium, followed by colony purification and characterization based on colony morphology, Gram reaction using 3% KOH, and catalase activity using 3% H₂O₂. The results showed that 14 bacterial isolates were obtained from maize rhizosphere samples for further characterization. All isolates showed a Gram-positive reaction, while the catalase test revealed that 11 isolates (78.57%) were catalase-positive and 3 isolates (21.43%) were catalase-negative. Differences in morphological and basic biochemical characteristics indicate the diversity of rhizosphere bacterial isolates capable of growing under acidic soil conditions. These isolates have the potential to serve as local microbial candidates for biofertilizer development; however, further studies are required to evaluate their PGPR functional traits, biosafety, and molecular identification.
ANALISIS FECAL COLIFORM PADA AIR LIMBAH MENGGUNAKAN METODE MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN)
Domestic wastewater has the potential to pollute the environment because it contains pathogenic microorganisms, including fecal coliform bacteria as indicators of biological contamination. This study aimed to determine the presence of fecal coliform in wastewater samples using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The research was conducted from February 2 to February 6, 2026, at the Public Health Laboratory Center (BLKM) Medan. The study used a descriptive method with a five-tube MPN technique through presumptive testing using Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) medium and confirmed testing using EC Broth referring to EPA Method 1680. The results showed variations in fecal coliform MPN values in each wastewater sample. Samples AL8, AL9, AL11, and AL12 showed the highest MPN value of >1600 MPN/100 mL, while samples AL1, AL2, and AL6 showed the lowest MPN value of <1.8 MPN/100 mL. The MPN method using LTB and EC Broth media was effective in detecting fecal coliform contamination in wastewater samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Nabila Nabila, Endang Sulistyarini Gultom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Coliform Pada Sampel Air Limbah Menggunakan Metode Most Probable Number
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberadaan bakteri coliform pada sampel air limbah menggunakan metode Most Probable Number (MPN). Air limbah yang tidak diolah dengan baik berpotensi menjadi sumber pencemaran lingkungan dan penyebaran mikroorganisme patogen. Digunakann media Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) pada uji pendugaan dan Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB) pada uji penegasan. Sebanyak 15 sampel air limbah dianalisis untuk menentukan jumlah bakteri coliform. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar sampel terkontaminasi bakteri coliform dengan nilai MPN yang bervariasi antara <1,8 hingga >1600 MPN/100 mL. Beberapa sampel menunjukkan tingkat pencemaran yang sangat tinggi, sedangkan beberapa lainnya tidak terdeteksi mengandung coliform. Perbedaan tingkat pencemaran dipengaruhi oleh kondisi sanitasi, kandungan bahan organik, suhu, dan karakteristik sumber limbah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar sampel belum memenuhi standar kualitas mikrobiologis sehingga diperlukan pengelolaan limbah yang lebih baik.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deka Wira Pratama, Endang Sulistyarini Gultom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Cemaran Salmonella pada Makanan dengan Metode Compact Dry melalui Media Buffered Peptone Water
Keamanan pangan merupakan aspek krusial dalam menjaga kesehatan masyarakat dari penyakit bawaan makanan (foodborne disease) akibat kontaminasi bakteri patogen seperti Salmonella sp. pada berbagai tahapan pangan, khususnya produk hewani yang tidak diproses secara higienis. Infeksi bakteri Gram negatif ini dapat menyebabkan salmonellosis dengan gejala gangguan pencernaan hingga komplikasi serius pada kelompok rentan, sehingga pemeriksaan mikrobiologi pangan sangat penting untuk melindungi konsumen. Dalam analisisnya, tahap pra-pengkayaan (pre-enrichment) menggunakan media cair non-selektif Buffer Peptone Water (BPW) menjadi langkah awal yang sangat vital untuk memulihkan sel bakteri yang stres atau rusak akibat pengolahan, sekaligus meningkatkan sensitivitas deteksinya. Oleh karena itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk membahas prosedur pemeriksaan Salmonella sp. pada sampel makanan serta teknik pembuatan media BPW. Melalui pemahaman metode ini, diharapkan pengetahuan mengenai pengujian mikrobiologi pangan dapat meningkat sebagai upaya preventif terhadap kontaminasi bakteri pada makanan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Valdo Rekson Nainggolan, Endang Sulistyarini Gultom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH AIR SUMUR DAN AIR SABUN TERHADAP AKTIVITAS MITOSIS SEL AKAR BAWANG (Allium cepa L.
Mitosis is a cell division process that plays an important role in plant growth. This study aimed to determine the effect of well water and soapy water on the mitotic activity of onion root cells (Allium cepa L.). This research used a descriptive observational method through laboratory practicum with onion roots as the research object. Data were collected through direct observation using a light microscope on mitotic phases of onion root preparations stained with acetocarmine. The results showed that well water produced better root growth and mitotic activity than soapy water. The phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase were more clearly observed in the well water treatment, while fewer dividing cells and damaged tissues were found in the soapy water treatment. It can be concluded that soapy water has a negative effect on the mitotic activity of onion root cells.
Copyright (c) 2026 Christian Yopie Daniel Siregar Siagian, Siti Annisa Kusbama, Khory Aulia, Nazla Suhaila Parinduri, Santi Dameana Habeahan, Larasati Arum Utami, Hestia Hairima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN IPA BERBASIS ONLINE LEARNING BERBANTUAN E-BOOK INTERAKTIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KREATIF
Digital transformation in education encourages the integration of technology in science learning to support the development of 21st-century skills, one of which is creative thinking skills. This study aimed to determine the improvement of students’ creative thinking skills through the implementation of science learning assisted by an interactive e-book on the subtopic of Nutrition in Food. This study employed a pre-experimental research design using the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The research sample consisted of 23 eighth-grade students of SMP Piri 1 Yogyakarta selected using a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected using an essay-based creative thinking skills test covering the aspects of fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. The data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis with n-gain calculation. The results showed that the implementation of science learning assisted by an interactive e-book was able to improve students’ creative thinking skills. The n-gain results indicated that 3 students were categorized as high and 20 students were categorized as moderate. Improvements also occurred in each aspect of creative thinking skills, namely fluency by 30.5%, flexibility by 18.9%, originality by 26.1%, and elaboration by 22.3%. The use of interactive e-books in science learning was able to create a more engaging, interactive, and flexible learning experience, thereby supporting the development of students’ creative thinking skills.
science learning; online learning; interactive e-book; creative thinking skills; digital learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Rahmah Sangkala, Musawwir Usman, Akhmad Syakur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Cemaran Escherichia coli pada Sampel Makanan Menggunakan Metode Compact Dry
Food safety is a critical aspect of protecting public health from foodborne diseases caused by microbiological contamination, with Escherichia coli serving as a key indicator of food hygiene and sanitation. This study aimed to analyze Escherichia coli contamination in food samples using the Compact Dry method and to evaluate its compliance with food safety standards. A descriptive method with a quantitative approach was employed on 20 food samples, which were tested using Compact Dry EC and incubated at 36 ± 0.5°C for 21 ± 2 hours. The results were expressed in CFU/g and compared with the standards set by SNI 7388:2009. The findings showed that 45% of the samples were positive for Escherichia coli, with contamination levels ranging from <1 to 1.25 × 10³ CFU/g, while 55% were negative. All positive samples did not meet food safety standards. Contamination was likely due to poor hygiene and sanitation practices, including cross-contamination during food processing and handling. The Compact Dry method proved to be effective, practical, and efficient for detecting Escherichia coli. These findings indicate that microbiological contamination in food remains a concern, highlighting the need to improve hygiene and sanitation practices to ensure food safety.
Endang Sulistyarini Gultom Endang Sulistyarini Gultom
Copyright (c) 2026 Warda Amalia, Dr. Endang Sulistyarini Gultom S.Si., M.Si., Apt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluasi Ekstrak Bunga Asoka sebagai Indikator Alami Deteksi Boraks pada Sampel Makanan Olahan
Borax is a prohibited food additive but is still found in processed foods in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate Saraca asoca leaf extract as a natural indicator for borax detection. The extract was prepared using 70% ethanol and tested on borax solutions and food samples. The results showed a color change from brownish-green to yellow with increasing borax concentration, starting at 1.0%. Similar changes in several samples indicated the presence of borax. This change is related to interactions between flavonoid and tannin compounds and borate ions. Therefore, Saraca asoca extract has potential as a simple natural indicator for visual borax detection
borax, natural indicator, processed food, Saraca asoca, visual detection
Copyright (c) 2026 Desy Purwaty, Sartika Magdalena Sihite, Ilham Pratama, Santa Ceacilia Br Tarigan, Stevani Putri Christie Gulo, Eka Setiawan, Larasati Arum Utami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STABLE ISOTOPE FINGERPRINTING OF RICE VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION SYSTEMS USING EA–IRMS
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the global population and is available in various types, including white, red, black, brown, and basmati rice. Authentication of rice varieties and cultivation systems is increasingly important for ensuring food quality and preventing fraud. This study aimed to characterize the stable isotope composition of different rice types and to evaluate isotopic differences between organic and conventional cultivation systems using Elemental Analyzer–Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (EA–IRMS). Carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotope ratios were measured in seven rice samples. The results showed that δ¹³C values ranged from −30.33‰ to −28.06‰, confirming that all samples belong to the C₃ photosynthetic group, while δ¹⁵N values ranged from 4.29‰ to 6.05‰, reflecting variability in nitrogen sources and soil processes. Each rice type exhibited a distinct isotopic profile, indicating the potential of isotope ratios as fingerprints for varietal differentiation. However, isotopic differences between organic and conventional samples were not consistently distinguishable due to overlapping values. These findings suggest that stable isotope analysis has potential as a tool for rice authentication in the Indonesian market. Nevertheless, the limited sample size in this study indicates that the results should be considered preliminary, and further validation using larger datasets and multivariate statistical approaches is required to improve classification accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmad Ramdani Sambari, Na’ilah Insani Alifiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PENGARUH MEDIA TANAM SERBUK GERGAJI DAN COCOPEAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAUN PADA PENCANGKOKAN TANAMAN MAHKOTA DEWA (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.)
The mahkota dewa plant (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) plant is a medicinal plant with high economic and pharmacological value, so effective propagation techniques are needed to increase its production. One method used is grafting, the success of which is influenced by the planting medium. Based on this, a study was conducted on the effect of sawdust and cocopeat growing media on leaf growth in grafting crown of the gods plant. The study was conducted in January 2026 in the Lubuk Minturun area of ​​Padang City. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments: soil (P0), sawdust (P1), and cocopeat (P2), each with six replications, resulting in 18 experimental units. Observed parameters included leaf number and leaf dry weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the planting medium used had no significant effect on leaf number or dry weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Syafputri, Vauzia, Irma Leilani, Eka Putri, Filza Yulina Ade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN LINGKUNGAN DIINTEGRASIKAN MATA PELAJARAN IPA BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DI SMK NEGERI 2 PALOPO
The purpose of this study was to determine the learning outcomes of environmental education integrated with science subjects using information technology applications on domestic waste, wastewater sanitation, and air pollution, which teachers currently find difficult to achieve. The study used an action method, namely: (1) the design phase of lesson plans, information technology devices, and learning materials; (2) the implementation phase of learning devices validated by education experts and information technology experts for suitability before being implemented in 35 classes using a purposive sampling technique; (3) the evaluation phase, which presented the validation results of the lesson plans for all components assessed in the very valid category with an average score of 3.7. The information technology application validation results were in the very valid category with an average score of 3.7. The learning outcome data were analyzed in descriptive statistics, obtained an average learning outcome of 76.0 for domestic waste, soil pollution, and air pollution. 31 students achieved a high level of mastery of environmental education learning materials, representing 88.4% of the students, indicating that they achieved a high level of mastery of the learning outcomes for domestic waste, soil pollution, and pollution. It is concluded that integrating environmental education into science subjects in vocational schools using information technology media can overcome teachers' difficulties in presenting material and evaluating mastery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Profil Keterampilan Praktikum Hukum Newton pada Mata Kuliah IPA Sekolah 1 menggunakan Tes Tulis
This study aims to describe the practical skills profile of prospective science teacher students on Newton’s Laws through a written-test-based final examination. This research employed a quantitative descriptive approach with a total sampling technique involving 92 valid students from three classes. The instrument consisted of multiple-choice, sequencing, classification, and image-based identification items designed to measure four aspects: identifying tools and materials, assembling apparatus, reading measuring instruments, and analyzing observation results. The data were analyzed descriptively using categorization based on score ranges. The results showed that students’ overall practical skills were in the good category, with an average score of 68.6%. The findings for each aspect were as follows: (1) reading measuring instruments achieved the highest score (75.7%); (2) followed by identifying tools and materials (72.7%); (3) assembling apparatus (58.7%); and (4) analyzing observation results (42.7%), with the latter two aspects falling into the Fair category. These findings imply the need to strengthen instruction in data analysis skills and procedural understanding of assembling experimental apparatus.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shoffan Fatkhulloh, Nurhayani H. Muhiddin, Putri damayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KEBUTUHAN OKSIGEN (O2) DALAM PROSES RESPIRASI ANTARA TUMBUHAN ANGIOSPERMAE DAN GYMNOSPERMAE
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kebutuhan oksigen (O₂) dalam proses respirasi antara tumbuhan dari kelompok Angiospermae dan Gymnospermae. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui metode eksperimen menggunakan alat respirometer yang dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Biologi Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji pada bulan Mei tahun 2026. Sampel yang diteliti meliputi Hibiscus rosa-sinensis dan Ipomoea Aquatica yang mewakili Angiospermae, serta Pinus merkusii dan Cycas revoluta untuk Gymnospermae. Pengamatan dilakukan dua kali pada setiap sampel dengan menggunakan KOH untuk menyerap karbon dioksida (CO₂) dan larutan eosin sebagai indikator perubahan volume gas di respirometer. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA untuk melihat perbedaan konsumsi oksigen di antara kedua kelompok tumbuhan tersebut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata konsumsi oksigen pada Gymnospermae adalah 0,95 ml, sedangkan Angiospermae mencatat 0,88 ml. Meski Gymnospermae menunjukkan laju respirasi yang cenderung lebih tinggi, analisis ANOVA menemukan bahwa perbedaan ini tidak signifikan secara statistik karena nilai F-hitung (0,3741) lebih kecil dari F-tabel pada tingkat signifikansi 5% dan 1%. Studi ini mengindikasikan bahwa perbedaan laju respirasi dipengaruhi oleh faktor fisiologis, struktur anatomi, metabolisme, serta kondisi lingkungan saat pengamatan. Oleh karena itu , dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebutuhan oksigen dalam proses respirasi antara kelompok Angiospermae dan Gymnospermae tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan.
respirasi tumbuhan, oksigen, Angiospermae, Gymnospermae, respirameter
Copyright (c) 2026 Hairummuslimah Qurays, Erdi Ananda, Helmi Putri, Risma Yunika, Riski Amelia, Rohana Desma Yunita, Erda Muhartati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Biology Laboratory Management and Facilities in Public Senior High Schools
Biology laboratories play an important role in supporting practical learning activities and developing students’ scientific skills in science education. Effective laboratory management and adequate facilities are necessary to ensure that practical activities are conducted safely and optimally. This study aimed to analyse: (1) the management of biology laboratories, (2) the completeness of biology laboratory facilities and materials, and (3) the implementation of laboratory management practices in public senior high schools in Malang City. This study employed a descriptive research design using percentage-based statistical analysis. The population consisted of 10 public senior high schools in Malang City, and 3 schools were purposively selected based on school zoning representation and Accreditation A status. The respondents included biology teachers, laboratory heads, and laboratory assistants. Data were collected through observations, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The research instruments were validated through expert judgment by biology education lecturers. The results showed that overall management of biology laboratories was rated very good, with an average score of 87.69%. Material ordering, storage, and safety and maintenance management were generally implemented effectively. The completeness of biology laboratory facilities and materials was also categorised as very complete, with an average percentage of 89.20%. However, several weaknesses remained, particularly in hazardous waste disposal, laboratory safety practices, and infrastructure maintenance. Overall, biology laboratories in public senior high schools in Malang City were adequately managed and equipped to support biology practical learning activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lianto, Novela Memiasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TINJAUAN FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETES Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume PADA DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 : LITERATUR REVIEW
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with rapidly increasing global prevalence and a high burden of complications. Limitations of conventional therapies, including reduced efficacy and adverse effects, highlight the need for complementary approaches with multi-target actions. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antidiabetic potential of Cinnamomum zeylanicum as an adjunct therapy. A literature review was conducted on studies published between 2016 and 2026 retrieved from Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. The findings demonstrate that Cinnamomum zeylanicum is rich in bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, flavonoids, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol, which exert glucose-lowering effects through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, and antioxidant activity. Evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies consistently indicates significant reductions in blood glucose levels and improvements in metabolic parameters. Overall, Cinnamomum zeylanicum shows strong potential as an effective adjunct therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Putri Winanda, Yuni Ahda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LITERATUR REVIEW: APLIKASI MOLEKULER BERBASIS PCR DALAM DETEKSI DAN KARAKTERISASI Escherichia coli PADA SEKTOR LINGKUNGAN, PANGAN, DAN KLINIS
Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium and a key indicator of water and food contamination. Conventional PCR is a widely used molecular method for specific, rapid, and sensitive E. coli detection. This literature review systematically examines the application of conventional PCR in E. coli detection across water, food, and clinical sample matrices from 2017 to 2025. Thirteen scientific articles were reviewed regarding research objects, PCR methods, research stages, and findings. Conventional PCR using primers 16E1/16E2 (584 bp), Afa FP/RP (480 bp), and ESS (825 bp) effectively detected E. coli in diverse samples. PCR showed superior sensitivity (100%) and specificity (94.34%) compared to culture methods (Hariri, 2022). Direct PCR offered a cost-effective alternative without DNA extraction (JKG, 2025). Multiplex PCR enabled simultaneous detection of multiple virulence genes (Ekawati et al.; Microbiology Spectrum, 2024). Conventional PCR remains a reliable, specific, and rapid tool for E. coli detection across diverse sample types.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diva Yunavita, Dwi Hilda Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DISTRIBUSI DAN KARAKTERISTIK SAMPAH WISATA DI ZONA INTERTIDAL LABUAN BAJO SERTA IMPLIKASI AWAL TERHADAP EKOSISTEM PESISIR
Labuan Bajo has experienced rapid tourism growth over the past decade, accompanied by increasing pressure on its coastal environments. This study aimed to examine the spatial distribution and composition of marine debris in intertidal areas and to provide an initial assessment of potential ecological implications. A descriptive survey approach was applied through field observations at selected coastal sites representing varying levels of tourism intensity. Marine debris was quantified using standardized sampling units and classified into major material categories, with further sub-classification for plastic items. The results showed that debris distribution varied across locations, with higher densities recorded in areas with intensive tourism activity. Plastic dominated the debris composition, particularly single-use packaging, plastic bags, and food-related items. Fragmented materials were also observed, indicating ongoing degradation processes that may contribute to microplastic formation. Differences in debris accumulation appeared to be influenced by local human activity and site characteristics, including accessibility and shoreline features. These findings suggest that tourism-derived debris has begun to exert measurable pressure on coastal ecosystems, especially in intertidal zones where biological interactions are frequent. While this study does not directly assess biological impacts, the observed patterns indicate potential risks related to ingestion, entanglement, and habitat disturbance. The study provides baseline information that can support future ecological monitoring and more detailed investigations in tourism-dominated coastal systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Taufik Kaisupy, Singgih Prasetyo Adi Wibowo, Muhammad Reza Cordova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVENTARISASI TANAMAN HIAS DI KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG
Inventarisasi tanaman hias merupakan langkah penting dalam mendukung pengelolaan ruang terbuka hijau dan penerapan konsep green campus di lingkungan perguruan tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis tanaman hias yang terdapat di Kampus Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP), mengetahui sebarannya, serta menganalisis fungsi ekologisnya. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode survei eksploratif melalui metode jelajah (cruise method). Data dikumpulkan melalui pengamatan langsung, dokumentasi, dan identifikasi tanaman berdasarkan karakter morfologi menggunakan literatur botani dan aplikasi identifikasi tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Kampus UNP ditemukan 12 spesies tanaman hias yang tergolong ke dalam 8 famili, dengan famili Araceae dan Asparagaceae sebagai famili yang paling dominan. Tanaman hias tersebar di berbagai area kampus seperti taman fakultas, halaman rektorat, jalur pedestrian, dan area parkir. Keberadaan tanaman hias tersebut tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai elemen estetika, tetapi juga memiliki peran ekologis penting seperti penyerap polutan udara, penghasil oksigen, pengatur suhu mikro, serta penunjang keanekaragaman hayati. Hasil inventarisasi ini diharapkan dapat menjadi data dasar dalam perencanaan dan pengelolaan lanskap hijau kampus yang berkelanjutan serta mendukung kegiatan pembelajaran dan konservasi lingkungan di Universitas Negeri Padang.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mina Almiah, Moralita Chatri, Linda Advinda, Filza Yulina Ade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Status Permudaan Alami Hutan Mangrove di Teluk Buo Bungus Kota Padang
Mangrove forests are important coastal ecosystems that function as shoreline protectors, carbon sinks, and habitats for many aquatic organisms. In Teluk Buo, Bungus, Padang City, mangrove stands have experienced pressure from land conversion and human activities, so information on natural regeneration is needed to support management efforts. This study aimed to determine the natural regeneration status of mangroves in Teluk Buo based on species density values. The study used a descriptive quantitative method with a plot sampling approach at three observation stations, each consisting of three plots selected by purposive sampling. Observation plots of 10 x 10 m were used for trees, 5 x 5 m for saplings, and 2 x 2 m for seedlings. Data were analyzed using species density and regeneration status criteria according to Shankar (2001). The results showed that two mangrove species were found, namely Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Station 1 had a seedling density of 75, sapling density of 12, and tree density of 26.33, indicating a sufficient regeneration status. Station 2 had a seedling density of 144, sapling density of 24, and tree density of 5.67, while Station 3 had a seedling density of 122, sapling density of 17.33, and tree density of 8.33; both stations indicated good regeneration status. Rhizophora apiculata was the dominant species at all growth levels, whereas Bruguiera gymnorrhiza showed limited regeneration. In general, natural regeneration of mangroves in Teluk Buo was classified as good to sufficient, with regeneration being more strongly supported by Rhizophora apiculata.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadila Safitri, Irma Leilani Eka Putri, Vauzia, Filza Yulina Ade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Review: Bakteri Asam Laktat Dari Dadih Minangkabau: Keragaman, Karakteristik, Dan Potensi Aktivitas Antibakteri
Dadih merupakan produk susu fermentasi tradisional khas Minangkabau, Sumatera Barat, yang diproduksi melalui fermentasi spontan susu kerbau dalam tabung bambu. Produk ini telah lama dikenal sebagai sumber bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yang kaya dan beragam, dengan potensi manfaat sebagai agen probiotik, antibakteri, antioksidan, dan biopreservatif alami. Artikel review ini mengintegrasikan temuan dari berbagai studi ilmiah mengenai keragaman spesies BAL yang diisolasi dari dadih, karakteristik morfologi dan biokimianya, serta potensi aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap bakteri patogen pangan, terutama Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Kajian literatur menunjukkan dominasi genus Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, Weissella, dan Leuconostoc dalam komunitas BAL dadih. Aktivitas antibakteri BAL dadih diperantarai oleh produksi senyawa bioaktif seperti asam laktat, hidrogen peroksida, diasetil, dan bakteriosin, dengan mekanisme kerja yang melibatkan permeabilisasi membran sel dan gangguan sintesis dinding sel patogen. Isolat BAL dari dadih secara konsisten menunjukkan penghambatan lebih kuat terhadap bakteri Gram-positif (S. aureus) dibandingkan Gram-negatif (E. coli), yang dikaitkan dengan perbedaan struktur dinding sel. Dadih Minangkabau berpotensi besar sebagai sumber BAL unggulan untuk pengembangan probiotik dan biopreservatif pangan berbasis kearifan lokal
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmi Adzra Haura, Dandy Yusuf, Dwi Hilda Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrasi Alat Bioinformatika Dalam Kurikulum Genetika Molekuler: Meningkatkan Kompetensi Abad 21 Mahasiswa
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of bioinformatics-based molecular genetics learning in improving students’ 21st-century competencies. A quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one group pretest-posttest design was employed. The participants consisted of students from one class selected through total sampling. The research procedure included administering a pretest, implementing bioinformatics-based learning using NCBI BLAST supported by student worksheets, and conducting a posttest. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, N-gain, and a paired sample t-test. The results showed that the mean pretest score of 72.30 increased to 87.95 in the posttest. The N-gain value was 0.56, categorized as moderate. The paired sample t-test indicated a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (p<0.05). These findings demonstrate that bioinformatics-based learning effectively enhances students’ 21st-century competencies, including critical thinking, problem-solving, digital literacy, and collaboration. Therefore, integrating bioinformatics into molecular genetics learning can serve as an innovative approach to improve learning quality in higher education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Revalina Mawarni, Tomi Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INDUKSI TUNAS Musa paradisiaca L. MENGGUNAKAN KOMBINASI IBA DAN BAP SERTA AIR KELAPA
Pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) menjadi komoditas unggulan Indonesia yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan gizi tinggi. Namun, perbanyakan bibit secara konvensional seringkali lambat dan rentan terhadap penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) dan BAP (Benzylaminopurine) serta penambahan air kelapa terhadap induksi tunas pisang kepok secara in vitro. Metode penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non-faktorial dengan empat perlakuan: A1 (MS + IBA 2 mg/L + BAP 3 mg/L), A2 (MS + IBA 3 mg/L + BAP 2 mg/L), B1 (MS + IBA 2 mg/L + BAP 3 mg/L + Air Kelapa 15%), dan B2 (MS + IBA 3 mg/L + BAP 2 mg/L + Air Kelapa 15%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah tunas, namun berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap waktu muncul tunas, tinggi tunas, diameter tunas, jumlah daun, dan bobot basah eksplan. Perlakuan B1 merupakan media yang paling optimal untuk menginduksi jumlah tunas terbanyak (1,67 tunas), tinggi tunas tertinggi (3,32 cm), diameter tunas terbesar (1,42 cm), dan jumlah daun terbanyak (2,11 daun). Secara keseluruhan, kombinasi sitokinin yang lebih tinggi (BAP 3 mg/L) dibandingkan auksin (IBA 2 mg/L) didukung oleh penambahan air kelapa 15% memberikan hasil pertumbuhan lebih stabil dan optimal pada fase induksi tunas pisang kepok.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadiatul Firdha, Sajaratud Dur, Irda Nila Selvia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LITERATURE REVIEW: KARAKTERISTIK DAN DISTRIBUSI CORONAVIRUS PADA KELELAWAR SEBAGAI RESERVOIR ALAMI
Coronavirus merupakan virus RNA untai tunggal positif yang memiliki keragaman genetik tinggi dan mampu berevolusi melalui mutasi serta rekombinasi. Kelelawar diketahui sebagai reservoir alami coronavirus karena memiliki sistem imun yang unik serta karakteristik ekologi yang mendukung penyebaran virus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mensintesis berbagai hasil penelitian mengenai karakteristik dan distribusi coronavirus pada kelelawar. Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan mengumpulkan artikel dari Google Scholar, PubMed, dan ScienceDirect dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa coronavirus pada kelelawar memiliki keragaman genetik yang tinggi, terutama pada kelompok Alphacoronavirus dan Betacoronavirus, serta tersebar luas di berbagai wilayah, khususnya Asia Tenggara. Beberapa penelitian juga menunjukkan adanya potensi transmisi lintas spesies (spillover) yang dipengaruhi oleh adaptasi virus dan faktor lingkungan. Kesimpulannya, kelelawar berperan penting dalam menjaga keragaman dan distribusi coronavirus, sehingga diperlukan pemantauan yang berkelanjutan untuk mencegah munculnya penyakit zoonotik di masa depan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desrinda Dwi Adinda Putri, Sugiyono Saputra, Dwi Hilda Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JENIS-JENIS TANAMAN HORTIKULTURA DI DESA SINDANG KASIH KECAMATAN RANOMEETO BARAT KABUPAEN KONAWE SELATAN
Horticulture is a field of agricultural science that focuses on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. The term is derived from the Latin words "hortus," meaning garden, and "colere," meaning cultivation. Horticulture literally refers to the cultivation of these types of plants. However, in the 1993-1998 State Policy Guidelines (GBHN), the horticulture group was expanded to include medicinal plants, in addition to fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Plant identification is a discipline within botany that focuses on the process of recognizing and classifying plants based on morphological, anatomical, physiological, ecological and molecular characteristics. This research aims to identify the types of horticultural plants in Sindang Kasih Village, Ranomeeto Barat District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with an exploratory technique. The data analysis technique used in this study is descriptive. The results of the study found 23 types of vegetable horticultural plantst consisting of 12 families including Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Moringaceae, and Solanaceae. In fruit horticultural plants, 32 types were found consisting of 22 families including Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Caricaceae, Clusiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Muntingiaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Oxalidaceae, Passifloraceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Vitaceae.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damhuri, Asmawati Munir, Cheryl Artha Agnestesyah Berlin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Keterampilan Metakognitif Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Makassar Raya dalam Menjawab Soal Berbasis HOTS
This study aimed to analyze the metacognitive skills of eighth-grade junior high school students in Makassar Raya in answering Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)-based questions. The study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design. The participants were 27 students selected through total sampling. Data were collected through a HOTS-based essay test consisting of 10 items. Each student response was assessed using the Corebima (2008) metacognitive skills rubric, with a score range of 0–7. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, median, mode, and standard deviation. The results showed that the students’ metacognitive skills were dominated by a score of 4, achieved by 12 students (44.44%). A score of 3 was obtained by 7 students (25.93%), a score of 5 by 3 students (11.11%), scores of 2 and 6 by 2 students each (7.41%), and a score of 7 by 1 student (3.70%). No students obtained a score of 1. These findings indicate that the students’ metacognitive skills were in the moderate or transitional category. In general, the students were able to provide correct, coherent, logical, and well-reasoned answers, but they had not yet optimally expressed their responses in their own words. Therefore, HOTS-based instruction needs to be accompanied by strategies that encourage students to plan, monitor, and evaluate their thinking processes more reflectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irwandi Rahmat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efek Seed Priming KNO3 terhadap Perkecambahan dan Pertumbuhan Awal Benih Padi Varietas IR 64 pada Beberapa Tingkat Salinitas
Salinity is one of the major limiting factors in rice cultivation, negatively affecting seed germination and early plant growth. One approach that can be taken to improve seed tolerance under saline conditions is seed priming. This study aims to examine the effect of potassium nitrate (KNO3) seed priming on the germination and early growth of IR 64 rice seeds at various salinity levels. This study was an experiment designed using a completely randomized design with a single treatment factor, namely NaCl salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM), in which all seeds were treated with 1% KNO3 seed priming prior to stress application. Each treatment was replicated four times. The observed parameters included germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling length, and seed vigor index. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that KNO3 seed priming was able to maintain the germination percentage of IR 64 seeds at all salinity levels, with values that were not statistically significantly different. However, increasing NaCl concentrations had a significant negative effect on the morphological growth of seedlings, as indicated by a decrease in root length, shoot length, seedling length, and seed vigor index. The treatment without salinity produced the best early growth, while high salinity significantly inhibited seedling growth. Based on these results, it can be concluded that KNO3 seed priming plays an effective role in maintaining the viability of IR 64 rice seeds under saline conditions, but it is not yet fully capable of overcoming the negative effects of salinity on early plant growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Puji Ramadhani, Annisa Mardhatillah, Violita Violita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0